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Propolis & Humans
How is propolis harvested?
In France, a beehive produces an average of 100 to 300 g of propolis a year. The quality and quantity of propolis harvested depend on the number of bees per hive and the specific characteristics of the region in which they are found. The abundance of plants and buds varies widely from one area to another.
This harvest takes place after the honey harvest, when the colony has reached its maximum production capacity. The beekeeper can harvest propolis via two different methods.
- either by direct scraping of the frames and inner walls of the hive supers. The bee’s natural reflex is to fill unexpected gaps in the hive with Propolis, which is why there is a significant quantity on the frames, The beekeepers scrape the frames to collect this material.
- or by fitting propolis grids: beekeepers encourage the propolis production by inserting a specially designed grid into the hive and let the bees quietly coat it with resin. At the end of the season (usually in winter), the beekeeper collects these grids and freezes them, to make it easier to recover the Propolis that has become brittle with the cold.
When it’s cold, propolis becomes brittle and can be removed more easily from the grids. This is why beekeepers prefer to harvest propolis in winter either from grids or by scraping it directly from the honey supers and frames
How is propolis purified and processed?
The raw propolis collected from the hive contains many impurities due to the normal activity of the hive and should be purified before use.
It is a complex substance: raw propolis contains on average almost 40% of waste: wood scrap, dead bees, plant residues, etc.
A pre-selection is first carried out by macroscopic observation of samples, with experience, eliminates the products of inferior quality and doubtful profile.
In order to refine the selection, a series of tests are carried out in the laboratory guaranteeing optimal quality: absence of heavy metals and pesticides, verifying the presence of flavonoids, organic acids and polyphenols necessary for therapeutic activity of propolis. Once these checks have been carried out, all the foreign particles must be filtered out for optimum use.
We can then process the propolis and make different extracts: liquid, powder extract… ready to be incorporated into propolis-based preparations.
Once the results of the molecular tests have been published, the raw propolis is purified using a technique developed and patented by certain laboratories. It is dissolved in an alcoholic carrier. Then, by centrifuging and decanting, the impurities are eliminated from the alcoholic extract containing the active fraction of propolis, more commonly known as the “soft” extract.
These extracts are used in laboratories to prepare numerous phyto-pharmaceutical products, and are incorporated into products using manufacturing processes developed as part of research and development activities. It takes experience and perseverance to understand how propolis works. This information is essential for the production of standardized extracts and the manufacture of products with a high amount of active ingredients.
What are the health benefits of propolis?
The research carried out upstream has enabled us to identify the origins of the properties of propolis and confirm its effectiveness on several levels:
Antiseptic and antibacterial properties
Propolis is a substance with predominantly antiseptic properties, which apply to many strains of bacterial micro-organisms, moulds and yeasts.
It acts by inhibiting cell division (without division = no propagation), which is responsible for stopping the growth of germs and by disorganising the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic and cellular membranes, as well as inhibiting protein synthesis. Its effect also includes the germs responsible for tooth decay.
Anti-inflammatory properties
The components present in propolis such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, have anti-inflammatory effects. This can help reduce inflammation in the body and relieve symptoms associated with inflammatory conditions.
Immune system support
Propolis can boost the immune system by stimulating the production of cytokines, which are molecules involved in the immune response. This can help prevent infections and promote better overall health.
Anti-oxidant properties
The antioxidant action of propolis is of particular interest for all skin treatments. Propolis contains natural antioxidants such as flavonoids, which help neutralise free radicals (identified as being connected with ageing) in the body. Antioxidants can help protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of certain diseases.
Anti-viral properties
Some research highlights the antiviral properties of propolis, making it useful for supporting the immune system during viral illnesses such as colds, flu and herpes.
Anti-fungal properties
propolis inhibits the development of Candida, Candida Albicans, Torulopsis, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, etc.
Regenerative properties
Using propolis extract on damaged tissue stimulates the regeneration process.
Anaesthetic properties
The topical action of propolis-based preparations reduces skin sensitivity.
Skin care
Propolis is used in many skin care products for its antiseptic, healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help soothe and heal skin problems such as acne, burns, wounds, eczema, psoriasis and irritations.
It’s important to note that the effects of propolis can vary from one person to another, and its use should be tailored to individual needs. It is always advisable to consult a health professional before adding propolis to your skin care or consuming it as a dietary supplement.
How long have humans been using propolis?
History of the use of propolis since ancient times
Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Mayans…: for thousands of years, people have been using bee products for preventive, curative and nutritional purposes. There are many empirical records of honey being used to treat ENT ailments. The fortifying and hypotensive properties of pollen and royal jelly have also been recognised for many years. Although much less well-known today than these products of the hive, propolis has been widely used as a natural remedy since ancient times.
Less known than honey, propolis has been discovered and used since ancient times. Aristotle considered it as a remedy for skin diseases, wounds and suppuration. Aristotle had already considered Propolis as a remedy for skin affections, wounds and festering.
The first traces of the use of propolis probably date back to ancient Egypt, where it was used for its preservative and aromatic properties as part of the sacred rites of mummification and embalming. That’s how powerful propolis’ preservative properties are.
Propolis was also known in ancient Greece. It was during this period that the word propolis was coined, from the prefix pro meaning in front of, in front of, and polis: the city. According to observations, this material, which was still poorly understood by Greek scientists, was located at the entrance to the hive, and stood like a protective barrier in the form of baffles, preventing predators and other pests from entering the city of bees. Aristotle mentions it in his History of Animals, referring to its antiseptic and healing properties and describing it as a remedy for skin ailments, wounds and suppurations.
In Rome, propolis was sold at a higher price than honey. Every legionnaire had a piece at the time of the military campaigns. Pliny the Elder said that it removed stings, reduced swelling, eased nerve pain, cured ulcers, abscesses and boils…
At the same time, on the South American continent, the Incas seemed to be using propolis for its anti-microbial properties to combat fever-inducing illnesses.
Few medical works from the 12th century mention that propolis was part of the preparation of many medicines fighting against minor infections of the skin and the respiratory system.
In 18th-century France, it was used as a wound drug. Its popularity increased in the early 20th century, when it was used almost exclusively to heal the wounds of the wounded in the Boer War.
In France, in the 18th and 19th centuries, we have found scattered traces of its use in the treatment of wounds, particularly on the battlefields of Napoleon’s great campaigns.
It is especially during the colonial war that pitted the Boers, Dutch people of South Africa, against the British soldiers between 1880 and 1902 that the use of propolis peaked because of the beneficial results it engendered in part of the disinfection, of anesthesia and the healing of wounds of war.
During In World War II, the soviet clinics routinely used it with success.
Propolis has been used for thousands of years, although not continuously. That’s why the scientific community has been working since the 1970s to demonstrate and unveil the secrets of a substance that never ceases to amaze.
Common uses in human medicine have been passed down to the present day. Research and numerous studies have been carried out over the last thirty years, with more than satisfactory results attracting the interest of the scientific world.
Are there any scientific studies on the effectiveness of propolis?
There are many scientific studies on the potential benefits of propolis in various fields. Here are some of the main scientific studies on the benefits of propolis:
- ACTIFS ET ADDITIFS EN COSMÉTOLOGIE – Martini Marie-Claude; Seiller Monique; 2e éd. Paris: Tec & Doc-Lavoisier; 1999
- GUIDE PRATIQUE DE L’APICULTURE – Editions de l’O.P.I.D.A; centre apicole F61370 ECHAUFFOUR Bull. Tech. Api., 1996, 23 (1), 93, 39 F. Jéanne
- PHARMACOGNOSIE, PHYTOCHIMIE PLANTES MÉDICINALES – Jean Bruneton; 2ème édition; Editions Tec & Doc; 1995 pages 265-266 et 211; 915 pages
- PHARMACOGNOSIE, PHYTOCHIMIE PLANTES MÉDICINALES – Jean Bruneton; 3ème édition; Editions Tech & Doc; pages 365 à 366, 1999
- LEXIQUE DES COMPLÉMENTS ALIMENTAIRES – Darguère JM; Editions Dangles; France; 2000
- LA PROPOLIS – Donadieu Y.; 4ème Edition; Les thérapeutiques naturelles; France; 1997
- LES PRODUITS DE LA RUCHE. LE MIEL, LA CIRE, LA PROPOLIS – Caillas A.; Chez l’auteur, 2, rue Saint-Gilles, 78 – Bois d’Arcy, 3e édition, 1947
- LE RUCHER DE RAPPORT. LES PRODUITS DE LA RUCHE – Chez l’auteur, 5e édition, 1963
- QUELQUES DONNÉES HISTORIQUES SUR L’EMPLOI DE LA PROPOLIS – Makachvili Z.A.
- DÉFENSE DE LA VILLE DES ABEILLES – NIKOLAEV A.B.
- SUR LA PROPOLIS, SES EMPLOIS DANS LA RUCHE – MORSE, G.D.
- ANALYSE ET CRITIQUE DES THÉORIES SUR LA FORMATION DE LA PROPOLIS – CISMARIK J., MACICKA M., MATEL I
- INFLUENCE DE LA PROPOLIS SUR DIFFÉRENTS PROCESSUS BIOLOGIQUES
- ACTION ADJUVANTE DE LA PROPOLIS EMPLOYÉE POUR L’IMMUNISATION AVEC L’ANATOXINE TÉTANIQUE – KIVALKINA, V. P., BOUDARKOVA, E.L.
- L’ACTION PLASMOCYTIQUE CHEZ LES SOURIS BLANCHES IMMUNISÉES À L’AIDE DE LA PROPOLIS – KIVALKINA, V.P, BALALIKINA, A.I., PIONTKOVSKI, V.1
- INFLUENCE DE LA PROPOLIS SUR LA MOTILITÉ DES SPERMATOZOÏDES DE FAUX-BOURDONS IN VITRO – HARAGSIM, 0., VESELY, V.
- ALLERGIES PROVOQUÉES PAR LA PROPOLIS – ARTOMASOVA, A.V.
- RÉSULTATS EXPÉRIMENTAUX ET CLINIQUES DANS LE TRAITEMENT DES BLESSURES CHEZ LES ANIMAUX DOMESTIQUES PAR APPLICATION LOCALE D’UNE SOLUTION ALCOOLIQUE DE PROPOLIS – SUTA, J., JANDA, J. TKAK, J. HANKO, J.
- LA PROPOLIS, THÉRAPEUTIQUE NATURELLE – DONADIEU Y.; Maloine Editeur
- LA PROPOLIS – IOIRISCHE N.
- LA PROPOLIS – UN MOYEN EFFICACE DE TRAITEMENT – LEIPUS, J.K.
- LA PROPOLIS – UN MÉDICAMENT POUR L’AVENIR ? – TURELL, M. J.
- LE TRAITEMENT DE CERTAINES AFFECTIONS À L’AIDE D’UNE SOLUTION DE PROPOLIS – PESTCHIANSKI, A.N.
- RÉSULTATS DE L’EMPLOI DE LA PROPOLIS DANS L’OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGIE – MATEL, 1. STRAKA, J., CIZMARIK, J.
- TRAITEMENT DE L’HYPOACOUSIE AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS – PERSAKOV, I.T.
- TRAITEMENT DES INFLAMMATIONS AIGUËS DE L’OREILLE MOYENNE AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS – KATCHINII, G.G.
- TRAITEMENT DE LA MÉSOTYMPANITE CHRONIQUE PURULENTE AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS – POPNIKOLOV, P. POTCHINKOVA, DONTCHEV, ST
- UN NOUVEAU DÉSODORISANT – PRISSITCH, V.N.
- LA PROPOLIS ET LES PHARYNGITES CHRONIQUES – DOROCHENKO, P.N.
- NOUVEAUX PANSEMENTS BIOLOGIQUES À BASE DE PROPOLIS POUR LA MUQUEUSE DE LA CAVITÉ BUCCALE – KOURIIAN, Ch
- TRAITEMENT DE L’ENDOBRONCHITE NON-SPÉCIFIQUE À L’AIDE DE LA PROPOLIS – ROUXE, V.R.
- PROPHYLAXIE ET TRAITEMENT DES PNEUMONIES NON SPÉCIFIQUES CHRONIQUES ET DE L’ASTHME BRONCHIQUE CHEZ LES ENFANTS – TANASIENKO, I.S.
- LA PROPOLIS DANS LE TRAITEMENT COMPLEXE DE LA TUBERCULOSE PULMONAIRE – KARIMOVA’Z.H.; RODIONOVA, E.1
- EXPÉRIENCES SUR L’APPLICATION DE LA PROPOLIS DANS LES MALADIES ULCÉREUSES – PESTCHIANSKI, A.N.
- OBSERVATIONS EXPÉRIMENTALES ET CLINIQUES SUR LES MALADES SOUFFRANT DE LA COLITE AIGUË ET CHRONIQUE TRAITÉE AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS – NIKOLOV, St, TODOROV, V. GHEORGHIEVA, E. DRIANOVSKI, St, VASILIEV, V. XSUCHY, H. SCHELLER S.
Résultats de l’emploi de la propolis dans la gynécologie – EXPÉRIMENTATION DE L’EMPLOI DE LA PROPOLIS DANS LE TRAITEMENT DES INFLAMMATIONS DU VAGIN ET DU COL UTÉRIN – ZAWADSKI, J., SCHELLER, S. - LA PROPOLIS CONCENTRÉE – PESTCHIANSKI, A. N.
- CONTRIBUTIONS À L’ÉTUDE ET AU TRAITEMENT DE CERTAINES AFFECTIONS THYRDIDIENNES AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS « H » – MIHAILESCO, N. N., PALOS Elena, GORGOS, G., VOLCINSCHI, Tr.
- L’EMPLOI DE LA PROPOLIS DANS LA MALADIE LEINER-MOUSSOUS – MOLNAR-TOTH, Madeleine
- L’EMPLOI DE LA PROPOLIS DANS LA DERMATOLOGIE – BOLCHAKOVA, V.F.
- LE TRAITEMENT DE CERTAINES MALADIES DE LA PEAU À L’AIDE DE LA PROPOLIS – DANILOV, L.N.
- LES QUALITÉS CURATIVES DE LA PROPOLIS DANS LES DERMATOSES – ORKINE, V. F., DOVJANSKI, S. 1.
- PREMIERS RÉSULTATS OBTENUS PAR APITHÉRAPIE ET AVEC DES EXTRAITS VÉGÉTAUX DANS L’ACTINOMYCOSE – POPESCO, V. PAUNESCO Tamara, GHITESCO lulia, VELESCO, G., MAFTEI I., ILIESCO, Ioana
- TRAITEMENT AVEC DE LA PROPOLIS DE LA MONILIASE ET DE L’INTERTRIGO CHEZ LES NOURRISSONS – VASSILIEV, V., MANOVA-KANAZIREVA, St., TODOROV, V., DRIANOVSKI, St.
- UNE EXPÉRIENCE DE 10 ANS DE L’HÔPITAL RUSSE CENTRAL POUR LES BRÛLURES DE GORKI. L’EMPLOI DE L’ONGUENT À BASE DE PROPOLIS POUR LE TRAITEMENT DES PLAIES À L’ÉTAT DE GRANULATION – ATIASSOV, N.I., GOUSSEVA, M.P., KOUPRIANOV, V.A.
- INFLUENCE DE LA PROPOLIS SUR LES BIOFILMS DES MUTANTS DE STREPTOCOQUES ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES CARIES CHEZ LES RATS (2006) – S.DUARTE, ROSALEN P.L., HAYACIBARA M.F…, KOO H
- EFFET DE LA PROPOLIS BRÉSILIENNE SUR L’ULCÈRE GASTRIQUE EXPÉRIMENTAL CHEZ LE RAT (2007) – PRIMON DE BARROS M, BARETTO SOUSA P, KENUPP BASTOS, FALONI DE ANDRADE S
- ACTIVITÉ ANTI HIV-1 DE LA PROPOLIS SUR LYMPHOCYTE CD4+ LES CULTURES DE CELLULES MICROGLIALES (2005) – GENYA GEKKER, SHUXIAN HU, MARLA SPIVAK, JAMES R. LOKENSGARD, PHILLIP K. PETERSON
- ACTIVITÉ IN VITRO DE PROPOLIS BULGARE CONTRE 94 SOUCHES CLINIQUES ISOLÉES DE BACTÉRIES ANAÉROBIES (2006) – LYUDMILA BOYONOVA, ROSSEN KOLAROV, GALINA GERGOVA, IVAN MITOV
- CONSTITUANTS VOLATILES DE PROPOLIS DE DIFFÉRENTES RÉGIONS GRECQUES – ACTIVITÉ ANTIMICROBIENNE (2007) – ELENI MELLIOU, ELEFTHERIOS STRATIS, IOANNA CHINOU
- COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE, ACTIVITÉ ANTIOXYDANTE ET PROPRIÉTÉ ANTIMICROBIENNE D’EXTRAITS DE PROPOLIS DE GRÈCE ET DE CHYPRE (2009) – NICK KALOGEROPOULOS, SPYROS J. KONTELES, ELLENA TROULLIDOU, IOANNI MOURTZINOS, VAIOS T. KARATHANOS
- BIOACTIVITÉ DE LA PROPOLIS PROVENANT DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, ARGENTINE, EN RELATION AVEC SA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE (2009) – LUCRECIA L. CHAILLOU, MONICA A. NAZARENO
- PROTECTION DE LA PROPOLIS CONTRE LA TOXICITÉ REPRODUCTIVE PROVOQUÉE PAR LE CHLORURE D’ALUMINIUM SUR LE RAT MÂLE (2009) – MOKHTAR I YOUSEF, AFRAH F SALAMA
- LA PROPOLIS INDUIT L’ARRÊT DU CYCLE CELLULAIRE ET L’APOPTOSE SUR LES CELLULE LEUCÉMIQUE HUMAINE U937 À TRAVERS UNE RÉGULATION BCL2/BAX (2008) – MUNEO MOTORUMA, KYUNG MIN KWON, SEOK-JONG SUH, YOUNG-CHOON LEE, YEON-KYE KIM, IN-SEON LEE, MUYUNG-SUNNY KIM, DAE YOUNG KWON, IKUKATSU SUZUKI, CHEORL-HO KIM
- APOPTOSE DES CELLULES MALIGNE HUMAINE INDUITE PAR DEUX NOUVEAUX COMPOSANTS, PROPOLIN A ET PROPOLIN B, ISSUS DE PROPOLIS TAÏWANAISE – CHIA-NAN CHEN, CHIA-LI WU, JEN-KUN LIN
- EFFETS ANTI-INFLAMMATOIRES DU COMPOSÉ BIODISPONIBLE, L’ARTEPILLINE C DANS LA PROPOLIS BRÉSILIENNE (2008) – NIRALDO PAULINO, SHEILA RAGO LEMOS ABREU, YOSHIHIRO UTO, DAISUKE KOYAMA, HIDEKO NAGASAWA, HITOSHI HORI, VERENA M. DIRSH ? ANGELIKA M. VOLLMAR, AMARILIS SCREMIN, WALTER A. BRETZ –
- SPECTS MULTIFACTORIELS DE L’ACTIVITÉ ANTIMICROBIENNE DE LA PROPOLIS (2006) – F. SCAZZOCCHIO, F.D.D’AURIA, D. ALESSANDRINI, F.PANTANELLA
- EFFET RADIOPROTECTEUR DE LA PROPOLIS ET DE LA QUERCETINE SUR L’IRRADIATION GAMMA CHEZ LA SOURIS, ÉVALUÉ PAR L’ESSAI COMÈTE-ALCALIN (2008) – V.BENKOVIS, A.HORVAT KNEZEVIC, D.DIKIC, D. LISICIC, N.ORSOLIC, I.BASIC, I.KOSALEC, N.KOPJAR
- PROPOLIS ET SYSTÈME IMMUNITAIRE : CRITIQUE (2007) – J.M.SFORCIN
- PRÉPARATIONS À PARTIR DE PROPOLISCIZMARIK, J., CIZMARIKOVA, R. MATEL., I.
- RECHERCHES SUR CERTAINES PRÉPARATIONS PHARMACEUTIQUES À PARTIR DE PROPOLIS (I)BRAILEANU, CI., GHEORGHIU, A., POPESCO, Ar., VELESCO, Gh.
- RECHERCHES SUR CERTAINES PRÉPARATIONS PHARMACEUTIQUES À PARTIR DU PROPOLIS (II)BRAILEANU, CI., GHEORGHIU, A., POPESCO, Ar., VELESCO, Gh.
- ISOLATION ET PURIFICATION DU 3,5-DIPRENYL-4-HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID (ARTEPILLIN C) PAR EXTRACTION AUX FLUIDES SUPERCRITIQUES SUR LA PROPOLIS BRÉSILIENNE (2007)YING-NONG LEE, CHAO-RUI CHEN, HSIN-LING YANG, CHU-CHIEH LIN, CHIEH-MING J. CHANG
- ASPECTS ÉCONOMIQUES. LA RÉCOLTE DE LA PROPOLIS
- LES APICULTEURS DOIVENT-ILS RÉCOLTER LA PROPOLIS ?IACHIMOWICZ, Th.
- SUR LA PRODUCTION DE LA PROPOLISMIZIS, A.P.
- LA QUALITÉ DE LA PROPOLISVAHONINA, T. V., DOUCHKOVA, E.S.
- MÉTHODES DE TRAVAIL POUR LA PRODUCTION DE PROPOLIS – UN DISPOSITIF POUR RÉCOLTER LA PROPOLIS DANS LA RUCHEKROUPITCHKA, P.
- LE CENTRE DE COLLECTAGE DE LA PROPOLIS EN RÉPUBLIQUE FÉDÉRALE D’ALLEMAGNEBOOGAART, R.
- PROPOLIS ET AFFECTIONS DIGESTIVESDR. ANASTASIU Radu lonel (Roumanie); Numéro spécial Apithérapie 1981; page 101
- PROPOLIS ET ART DENTAIREDR. CASTEL Alain; Numéro spécial Apithérapie 1981; pages 52-56
- LA PROPOLISDEBUYSER Eric; Thèse; Nantes 1983
- LA PROPOLISDr DONADIEU Yves; Maloine; 1979; (La gelée royale / Le pollen / Le miel, 1978)
- LA PROPOLIS ET SON UTILISATION EN PHARMACIEFOUCHER Dominique; Thèse n°79 Clermont 1 (1982)
- PROPOLIS, EXTRAITS ET UTILISATIONSGARDELLE Danièle; Thèse no 112 Clermont 1 (1983)
- ACTION INHIBITRICE DE LA PROPOLIS RÉCOLTÉE PAR L’ABEILLE (APIS MELLIFICA L.) SUR LA GERMINATION ET SUR LA CROISSANCE DES JEUNES PLANTULES SUR LA LAITUEM. GONET; E.R. Acad. Sc Paris p. 2281-84 23.05.66
- ACTION ANTIGERMINATIVE DES PRODUITS DE LA RUCHE D’ABEILLES (APIS MELLIFICA L.) SUR LES GRAINES ET LES TUBERCULESM.M. GONNET, P. LAVIE; (C.R. acad. SC. T 250 p. 512-614 (18.1.1960)
- LES SUBSTANCES ANTIBIOTIQUES DE LA PROPOLISLAVIE P. 1960 Du côté des chercheurs; Bul. Tech. Apic 3 (7) 1980 13-24
- SUR L’ORIGINE DE LA PROPOLISLAVIE P.; 1975; rapport n°201
- LA PROPOLISMARCHENAY Philippe; 1977; Chez l’auteur, 57, rue Cuvier, 75231 – Paris Cédex 05); Ce travail comporte une abondante bibliographie de référence.
- LA PROPOLIS EN NEUROLOGIEDR. MOMPLAISIR Michel-Ange; Numéro spécial apithérapie 1981; pages 50-51
- OS ET PROPOLISProfes. Gr. PAMBUCCIAN – DRS GIDOU Tr. – SAFTA T. – SERBANES-CU Maria, DOSIUS Liliana, BLAJA N., Pharm. PALOS Eléna (Roumaine); Numéro spécial Apithérapie 1981; pages 57-59
- PROPOLIS ET AFFECTIONS RHINO-PHARYNGÉESProfesseur PAUNESOU Cornélia (Roumaine); Numéro spécial apithérapie 1981; pages 96-97
- PRODUITS DE LA RUCHE ET THÉRAPIE DES AFFECTIONS DE L’APPAREIL UROGÉNITALDRS ROMAN Stéphan et ROMAN Stéphanita (Roumanie)
- ENCYCLOPOEDIA UNIVERSALIS «BIOGENÈSE ASSOCIANT LES DEUX VOIES DE FORMATION DU MOYEN AROMATIQUE» ET «PIGMENTS ET PIGMENTATIONS»
- TRAITÉ COMPLET D’APICULTURE – ALPHANDERY E.; Berger-Levrault édit., 1931
- TRAITÉ DE BIOLOGIE DE L’ABEILLE – CHAUVIN R.; Masson et Cie éditions; 1968; Les abeilles et moi
- VIE ET MOEURS DES ABEILLES – V. FRISCH K.; 1969
- LES ABEILLES, PHARMACIENNES AILÉES – IOIRICHE N.; Mir éditions, Moscou, 1968
- APICULTURE – JEAN-PROST P.; J.B. Baillière éditions; 1972
- LA HULOTTE, SPÉCIAL MOUCHES À MIEL – Numéro double 28/29. Publication de la Société de Protection de la Nature « L’épine Noire », 41 édition, 1978
- L’ABEILLE ET LA RUCHE – LANGSTROTH L.L; Librairie R. Burkhardt. Genève, 21 édition, 1896
- MIELS, CIRES, POLLENS – LAUTIE R.; Vie et Action éditions, 1972
- TRAITÉ DE BIOLOGIE DE L’ABEILLE – LAVIE P.; Masson et Cie éditions, 1968
- LE MIEL – MESNARD P.; L’Abeille et ses produits, numéro hors-série du Pharmacien Rural, avril 1958
- AUPRÈS DES ABEILLES – PINGUET C. et P.; Chez les auteurs, Route de Berre, 13122 – Ventabren, 1974
- APITHÉRAPIE: MÉDECINE ET APICULTURE – Revue française d’apiculture; Numéro spécial (supplément au numéro 348, novembre 1976, 38, bd Sébastopol, 75004 – Paris). Numéro spécial (supplément au numéro 366, juillet-août 1978, même adresse)
- LA PROPOLIS, TANT QU’IL Y AURA DES ABEILLES – ROBERT Gilbert; préfacé par le Dr A.C. DALLY, Brumath 1985
- A.B.C. DE L’APICULTURE – ROOT A.I. et ROOT E.R.; Bondonneau éditions, Paris, 21 éditions, 1909
- LE COMPLÉMENT ALIMENTAIRE DE LA SANTÉ – SENNE André; Quimper 1999
- L’ABEILLE ET SES PRODUITS À TRAVERS LES ÂGES – TRIEU R.; L’Abeille et ses pro-duits, numéro hors-série du Pharmacien Rural, avril 1958
- LA FLORE MELLIFÈRE – (même référence)
- DOCTEUR NATURE – VALNET J.; 1971
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Come and visit La Miellerie du Salagou
Near Lake Salagou in Occitanie, stop off to discover the world of bees and the virtues of propolis in particular!
You’ll also have the opportunity to taste a wide range of honeys and discover their diversity!